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Category Archives: Information Security

New viridis & colorbrewer palettes for ipv4-heatmap

It’s no seekrit that I :heart: Hilbert curve heatmaps of IPv4 space. Real-world IPv4 maps (i.e. the ones that drop dots on the Earth) have little utility, but with Hilbert curves maps of IPv4 space many different topologies can be superimposed (from ASNs to—if need be—geographic locations). Plus, there’s more opportunity to find patterns by keeping CIDRs naturally close to each other.

The Measurement Factory created the [`ipv4-heatmap`](http://maps.measurement-factory.com/) command-line utility back in 2007 and there have been some tweaks and expansions to it by others over time. I wanted to use these IPv4 heatmaps in the [National Exposure](https://community.rapid7.com/community/infosec/blog/2016/06/07/rapid7-releases-new-research) report I worked on with @todb & @jhartftw at @Rapid7 but _cannot stand_ the built-in red-blue color scheme, especially when there’s [viridis](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/viridis/vignettes/intro-to-viridis.html) available. So, I [forked the code](https://github.com/hrbrmstr/ipv4-heatmap) and added both viridis and [colorbrewer](colorbrewer2.org) palettes to it as command-line options.

Here are two examples (the results of the National Exposure study), one using viridis and one using the colorbrewer `rdbu` palette:

![](https://www.dropbox.com/s/we5f5u7ejj7cp8l/viridis.png?raw=1)

![](https://www.dropbox.com/s/uznijxxq99qoces/rdbu-inverted.png?raw=1)

You specify the palette with `-P palette` and can invert the order of any palette with `-i` and the chosen palette will also be used in any legend you add the visualization.

Since these 4096×4096 files are a bit big, you can hit up [this dropbox link](https://www.dropbox.com/sh/wqyly8ewxeko5jn/AAC5bHIpQTuxWGBPYzMqceLQa?dl=0) to see a “gallery” of the various forward and reverse palettes.

The palette selection code is a bit brute-force at the moment, mostly due to the fact that I’m planning on a C++ port of the code and eventual inclusion of the Hilbert heatmap functionality in the [`iptools`](http://github.com/hrbrmstr/iptools) package.

Clandestine DNS lookups with gdns

Google recently [announced](https://developers.google.com/speed/public-dns/docs/dns-over-https) their DNS-over-HTTPS API, which _”enhances privacy and security between a client and a recursive resolver, and complements DNSSEC to provide end-to-end authenticated DNS lookups”_. The REST API they provided was pretty simple to [wrap into a package](https://github.com/hrbrmstr/gdns) and I tossed in some [SPF](http://www.openspf.org/SPF_Record_Syntax) functions that I had lying around to bulk it up a bit.

### Why DNS-over-HTTPS?

DNS machinations usually happen over UDP (and sometimes TCP). Unless you’re using some fairly modern DNS augmentations, these exchanges happen in cleartext, meaning your query and the response are exposed during transport (and they are already exposed to the server you’re querying for a response).

DNS queries over HTTPS will be harder to [spoof](http://www.veracode.com/security/spoofing-attack) and the query + response will be encrypted, so you gain transport privacy when, say, you’re at Starbucks or from your DSL, FiOS, Gogo Inflight, or cable internet provider (yes, they all snoop on your DNS queries).

You end up trusting Google quite a bit with this API, but if you were currently using `8.8.8.8` or `8.8.4.4` (or their IPv6 equivalents) you were already trusting Google (and it’s likely Google knows what you’re doing on the internet anyway given all the trackers and especially if you’re using Chrome).

One additional item you gain using this API is more control over [`EDNS0`](https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-vandergaast-edns-client-ip-00) settings. `EDNS0` is a DNS protocol extension that, for example, enables the content delivery networks to pick the “closest” server farm to ensure speedy delivery of your streaming Game of Thrones binge watch. They get to know a piece of your IP address so they can make this decision, but you end up giving away a bit of privacy (though you lose the privacy in the end since the target CDN servers know precisely where you are).

Right now, there’s no way for most clients to use DNS-over-HTTPS directly, but the API can be used in a programmatic fashion, which may be helpful in situations where you need to do some DNS spelunking but UDP is blocked or you’re on a platform that can’t build the [`resolv`](https://github.com/hrbrmstr/resolv) package.

You can learn a bit more about DNS and privacy in this [IETF paper](https://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/dns-privacy/current/pdfWqAIUmEl47.pdf) [PDF].

### Mining DNS with `gdns`

The `gdns` package is pretty straightforward. Use the `query()` function to get DNS info for a single entity:

library(gdns)
 
query("apple.com")
## $Status  
## [1] 0          # NOERROR - Standard DNS response code (32 bit integer)
## 
## $TC
## [1] FALSE      # Whether the response is truncated
## 
## $RD
## [1] TRUE       # Should always be true for Google Public DNS
## 
## $RA
## [1] TRUE       # Should always be true for Google Public DNS
## 
## $AD
## [1] FALSE      # Whether all response data was validated with DNSSEC
## 
## $CD
## [1] FALSE      # Whether the client asked to disable DNSSEC
## 
## $Question
##         name type
## 1 apple.com.    1
## 
## $Answer
##         name type  TTL          data
## 1 apple.com.    1 1547 17.172.224.47
## 2 apple.com.    1 1547  17.178.96.59
## 3 apple.com.    1 1547 17.142.160.59
## 
## $Additional
## list()
## 
## $edns_client_subnet
## [1] "0.0.0.0/0"

The `gdns` lookup functions are set to use an `edns_client_subnet` of `0.0.0.0/0`, meaning your local IP address or subnet is not leaked outside of your connection to Google (you can override this behavior).

You can do reverse lookups as well (i.e. query IP addresses):

query("17.172.224.47", "PTR")
## $Status
## [1] 0
## 
## $TC
## [1] FALSE
## 
## $RD
## [1] TRUE
## 
## $RA
## [1] TRUE
## 
## $AD
## [1] FALSE
## 
## $CD
## [1] FALSE
## 
## $Question
##                          name type
## 1 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12
## 
## $Answer
##                            name type  TTL                           data
## 1   47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               webobjects.info.
## 2   47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                   yessql.info.
## 3   47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                 apples-msk.ru.
## 4   47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                     icloud.se.
## 5   47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                     icloud.es.
## 6   47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                     icloud.om.
## 7   47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                   icloudo.com.
## 8   47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                     icloud.ch.
## 9   47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                     icloud.fr.
## 10  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                   icloude.com.
## 11  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073          camelspaceeffect.com.
## 12  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                 camelphat.com.
## 13  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              alchemysynth.com.
## 14  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                    openni.org.
## 15  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                      swell.am.
## 16  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                  appleweb.net.
## 17  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073       appleipodsettlement.com.
## 18  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                    earpod.net.
## 19  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                 yourapple.com.
## 20  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                    xserve.net.
## 21  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                    xserve.com.
## 22  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073            velocityengine.com.
## 23  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073           velocity-engine.com.
## 24  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073            universityarts.com.
## 25  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073            thinkdifferent.com.
## 26  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               theatremode.com.
## 27  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               theatermode.com.
## 28  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073           streamquicktime.net.
## 29  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073           streamquicktime.com.
## 30  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                ripmixburn.com.
## 31  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              rip-mix-burn.com.
## 32  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073        quicktimestreaming.net.
## 33  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073        quicktimestreaming.com.
## 34  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                  quicktime.cc.
## 35  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                      qttv.net.
## 36  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                      qtml.com.
## 37  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                     qt-tv.net.
## 38  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073          publishingsurvey.org.
## 39  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073          publishingsurvey.com.
## 40  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073        publishingresearch.org.
## 41  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073        publishingresearch.com.
## 42  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073         publishing-survey.org.
## 43  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073         publishing-survey.com.
## 44  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073       publishing-research.org.
## 45  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073       publishing-research.com.
## 46  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                  powerbook.cc.
## 47  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073             playquicktime.net.
## 48  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073             playquicktime.com.
## 49  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073           nwk-apple.apple.com.
## 50  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                   myapple.net.
## 51  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                  macreach.net.
## 52  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                  macreach.com.
## 53  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                   macmate.com.
## 54  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073         macintoshsoftware.com.
## 55  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                    machos.net.
## 56  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                   mach-os.net.
## 57  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                   mach-os.com.
## 58  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                   ischool.com.
## 59  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073           insidemacintosh.com.
## 60  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073             imovietheater.com.
## 61  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               imoviestage.com.
## 62  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073             imoviegallery.com.
## 63  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               imacsources.com.
## 64  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073        imac-applecomputer.com.
## 65  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                imac-apple.com.
## 66  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                     ikids.com.
## 67  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              ibookpartner.com.
## 68  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                   geoport.com.
## 69  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                   firewire.cl.
## 70  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               expertapple.com.
## 71  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              edu-research.org.
## 72  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               dvdstudiopro.us.
## 73  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              dvdstudiopro.org.
## 74  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              dvdstudiopro.net.
## 75  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073             dvdstudiopro.info.
## 76  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              dvdstudiopro.com.
## 77  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              dvdstudiopro.biz.
## 78  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073          developercentral.com.
## 79  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073             desktopmovies.org.
## 80  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073             desktopmovies.net.
## 81  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              desktopmovie.org.
## 82  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              desktopmovie.net.
## 83  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              desktopmovie.com.
## 84  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073          darwinsourcecode.com.
## 85  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              darwinsource.org.
## 86  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              darwinsource.com.
## 87  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                darwincode.com.
## 88  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                carbontest.com.
## 89  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              carbondating.com.
## 90  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                 carbonapi.com.
## 91  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073           braeburncapital.com.
## 92  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                  applexpo.net.
## 93  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                  applexpo.com.
## 94  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                applereach.net.
## 95  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                applereach.com.
## 96  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073            appleiservices.com.
## 97  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073     applefinalcutproworld.org.
## 98  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073     applefinalcutproworld.net.
## 99  47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073     applefinalcutproworld.com.
## 100 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073            applefilmmaker.com.
## 101 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073             applefilmaker.com.
## 102 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                appleenews.com.
## 103 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               appledarwin.org.
## 104 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               appledarwin.net.
## 105 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               appledarwin.com.
## 106 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073         applecomputerimac.com.
## 107 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073        applecomputer-imac.com.
## 108 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                  applecare.cc.
## 109 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               applecarbon.com.
## 110 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                 apple-inc.net.
## 111 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               apple-enews.com.
## 112 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              apple-darwin.org.
## 113 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              apple-darwin.net.
## 114 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              apple-darwin.com.
## 115 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                  mobileme.com.
## 116 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                ipa-iphone.net.
## 117 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               jetfuelapps.com.
## 118 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                jetfuelapp.com.
## 119 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                   burstly.net.
## 120 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073             appmediagroup.com.
## 121 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073             airsupportapp.com.
## 122 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073            burstlyrewards.com.
## 123 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073        surveys-temp.apple.com.
## 124 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               appleiphone.com.
## 125 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                       asto.re.
## 126 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                 itunesops.com.
## 127 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                     apple.com.
## 128 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073     st11p01ww-apple.apple.com.
## 129 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                      apple.by.
## 130 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                 airtunes.info.
## 131 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              applecentre.info.
## 132 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073         applecomputerinc.info.
## 133 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                appleexpo.info.
## 134 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073             applemasters.info.
## 135 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                 applepay.info.
## 136 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073 applepaymerchantsupplies.info.
## 137 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073         applepaysupplies.info.
## 138 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              applescript.info.
## 139 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073               appleshare.info.
## 140 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                   macosx.info.
## 141 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                powerbook.info.
## 142 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                 powermac.info.
## 143 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073            quicktimelive.info.
## 144 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073              quicktimetv.info.
## 145 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                 sherlock.info.
## 146 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073            shopdifferent.info.
## 147 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                 skyvines.info.
## 148 47.224.172.17.in-addr.arpa.   12 1073                     ubnw.info.
## 
## $Additional
## list()
## 
## $edns_client_subnet
## [1] "0.0.0.0/0"

And, you can go “easter egg” hunting:

cat(query("google-public-dns-a.google.com", "TXT")$Answer$data)
## "http://xkcd.com/1361/"

Note that Google DNS-over-HTTPS supports [all the RR types](http://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters/dns-parameters.xhtml#dns-parameters-4).

If you have more than a few domains to lookup and are querying for the same RR record, you can use the `bulk_query()` function:

hosts <- c("rud.is", "dds.ec", "r-project.org", "rstudio.com", "apple.com")
bulk_query(hosts)
## Source: local data frame [7 x 4]
## 
##             name  type   TTL            data
##            (chr) (int) (int)           (chr)
## 1        rud.is.     1  3599 104.236.112.222
## 2        dds.ec.     1   299   162.243.111.4
## 3 r-project.org.     1  3601   137.208.57.37
## 4   rstudio.com.     1  3599    45.79.156.36
## 5     apple.com.     1  1088   17.172.224.47
## 6     apple.com.     1  1088    17.178.96.59
## 7     apple.com.     1  1088   17.142.160.59

Note that this function only returns a `data_frame` (none of the status fields).

### More DNSpelunking with `gdns`

DNS records contain a treasure trove of data (at least for cybersecurity researchers). Say you have a list of base, primary domains for the Fortune 1000:

library(readr)
library(urltools)
 
URL <- "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/hrbrmstr/ae574201af3de035c684/raw/2d21bb4132b77b38f2992dfaab99649397f238e9/f1000.csv"
fil <- basename(URL)
if (!file.exists(fil)) download.file(URL, fil)
 
f1k <- read_csv(fil)
 
doms1k <- suffix_extract(domain(f1k$website))
doms1k <- paste(doms1k$domain, doms1k$suffix, sep=".")
 
head(doms1k)
## [1] "walmart.com"           "exxonmobil.com"       
## [3] "chevron.com"           "berkshirehathaway.com"
## [5] "apple.com"             "gm.com"

We can get all the `TXT` records for them:

library(parallel)
library(doParallel) # parallel ops will make this go faster
library(foreach)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(grid)
library(hrbrmrkdn)
 
cl <- makePSOCKcluster(4)
registerDoParallel(cl)
 
f1k_l <- foreach(dom=doms1k) %dopar% gdns::bulk_query(dom, "TXT")
f1k <- bind_rows(f1k_l)
 
length(unique(f1k$name))
## [1] 858
 
df <- count(count(f1k, name), `Number of TXT records`=n)
df <- bind_rows(df, data_frame(`Number of TXT records`=0, n=142))
 
gg <- ggplot(df, aes(`Number of TXT records`, n))
gg <- gg + geom_bar(stat="identity", width=0.75)
gg <- gg + scale_x_continuous(expand=c(0,0), breaks=0:13)
gg <- gg + scale_y_continuous(expand=c(0,0))
gg <- gg + labs(y="# Orgs", 
                title="TXT record count per Fortune 1000 Org")
gg <- gg + theme_hrbrmstr(grid="Y", axis="xy")
gg <- gg + theme(axis.title.x=element_text(margin=margin(t=-22)))
gg <- gg + theme(axis.title.y=element_text(angle=0, vjust=1, 
                                           margin=margin(r=-49)))
gg <- gg + theme(plot.margin=margin(t=10, l=30, b=30, r=10))
gg <- gg + theme(plot.title=element_text(margin=margin(b=20)))
gg

Fullscreen_4_11_16__12_35_AM

We can see that 858 of the Fortune 1000 have `TXT` records and more than a few have between 2 and 5 of them. Why look at `TXT` records? Well, they can tell us things like who uses cloud e-mail services, such as Outlook365:

sort(f1k$name[which(grepl("(MS=|outlook)", spf_includes(f1k$data), ignore.case=TRUE))])
##   [1] "21cf.com."                  "77nrg.com."                 "abbott.com."                "acuitybrands.com."         
##   [5] "adm.com."                   "adobe.com."                 "alaskaair.com."             "aleris.com."               
##   [9] "allergan.com."              "altria.com."                "amark.com."                 "ameren.com."               
##  [13] "americantower.com."         "ametek.com."                "amkor.com."                 "amphenol.com."             
##  [17] "amwater.com."               "analog.com."                "anixter.com."               "apachecorp.com."           
##  [21] "archrock.com."              "archrock.com."              "armstrong.com."             "aschulman.com."            
##  [25] "assurant.com."              "autonation.com."            "autozone.com."              "axiall.com."               
##  [29] "bd.com."                    "belk.com."                  "biglots.com."               "bio-rad.com."              
##  [33] "biomet.com."                "bloominbrands.com."         "bms.com."                   "borgwarner.com."           
##  [37] "boydgaming.com."            "brinks.com."                "brocade.com."               "brunswick.com."            
##  [41] "cabotog.com."               "caleres.com."               "campbellsoupcompany.com."   "carefusion.com."           
##  [45] "carlyle.com."               "cartech.com."               "cbrands.com."               "cbre.com."                 
##  [49] "chemtura.com."              "chipotle.com."              "chiquita.com."              "churchdwight.com."         
##  [53] "cinemark.com."              "cintas.com."                "cmc.com."                   "cmsenergy.com."            
##  [57] "cognizant.com."             "colfaxcorp.com."            "columbia.com."              "commscope.com."            
##  [61] "con-way.com."               "convergys.com."             "couche-tard.com."           "crestwoodlp.com."          
##  [65] "crowncastle.com."           "crowncork.com."             "csx.com."                   "cummins.com."              
##  [69] "cunamutual.com."            "dana.com."                  "darlingii.com."             "deanfoods.com."            
##  [73] "dentsplysirona.com."        "discoverfinancial.com."     "disney.com."                "donaldson.com."            
##  [77] "drhorton.com."              "dupont.com."                "dyn-intl.com."              "dynegy.com."               
##  [81] "ea.com."                    "eastman.com."               "ecolab.com."                "edgewell.com."             
##  [85] "edwards.com."               "emc.com."                   "enablemidstream.com."       "energyfutureholdings.com." 
##  [89] "energytransfer.com."        "eogresources.com."          "equinix.com."               "expeditors.com."           
##  [93] "express.com."               "fastenal.com."              "ferrellgas.com."            "fisglobal.com."            
##  [97] "flowserve.com."             "fmglobal.com."              "fnf.com."                   "g-iii.com."                
## [101] "genpt.com."                 "ggp.com."                   "gilead.com."                "goodyear.com."             
## [105] "grainger.com."              "graphicpkg.com."            "hanes.com."                 "hanover.com."              
## [109] "harley-davidson.com."       "harsco.com."                "hasbro.com."                "hbfuller.com."             
## [113] "hei.com."                   "hhgregg.com."               "hnicorp.com."               "homedepot.com."            
## [117] "hpinc.com."                 "hubgroup.com."              "iac.com."                   "igt.com."                  
## [121] "iheartmedia.com."           "insperity.com."             "itt.com."                   "itw.com."                  
## [125] "jarden.com."                "jcpenney.com."              "jll.com."                   "joyglobal.com."            
## [129] "juniper.net."               "kellyservices.com."         "kennametal.com."            "kiewit.com."               
## [133] "kindermorgan.com."          "kindredhealthcare.com."     "kodak.com."                 "lamresearch.com."          
## [137] "lansingtradegroup.com."     "lennar.com."                "levistrauss.com."           "lithia.com."               
## [141] "manitowoc.com."             "manpowergroup.com."         "marathonoil.com."           "marathonpetroleum.com."    
## [145] "mastec.com."                "mastercard.com."            "mattel.com."                "maximintegrated.com."      
## [149] "mednax.com."                "mercuryinsurance.com."      "mgmresorts.com."            "micron.com."               
## [153] "mohawkind.com."             "molsoncoors.com."           "mosaicco.com."              "motorolasolutions.com."    
## [157] "mpgdriven.com."             "mscdirect.com."             "mtb.com."                   "murphyoilcorp.com."        
## [161] "mutualofomaha.com."         "mwv.com."                   "navistar.com."              "nbty.com."                 
## [165] "newellrubbermaid.com."      "nexeosolutions.com."        "nike.com."                  "nobleenergyinc.com."       
## [169] "o-i.com."                   "oge.com."                   "olin.com."                  "omnicomgroup.com."         
## [173] "onsemi.com."                "owens-minor.com."           "paychex.com."               "peabodyenergy.com."        
## [177] "pepboys.com."               "pmi.com."                   "pnkinc.com."                "polaris.com."              
## [181] "polyone.com."               "postholdings.com."          "ppg.com."                   "prudential.com."           
## [185] "qg.com."                    "quantaservices.com."        "quintiles.com."             "rcscapital.com."           
## [189] "rexnord.com."               "roberthalf.com."            "rushenterprises.com."       "ryland.com."               
## [193] "sandisk.com."               "sands.com."                 "scansource.com."            "sempra.com."               
## [197] "sonoco.com."                "spiritaero.com."            "sprouts.com."               "stanleyblackanddecker.com."
## [201] "starwoodhotels.com."        "steelcase.com."             "stryker.com."               "sunedison.com."            
## [205] "sunpower.com."              "supervalu.com."             "swifttrans.com."            "synnex.com."               
## [209] "taylormorrison.com."        "techdata.com."              "tegna.com."                 "tempursealy.com."          
## [213] "tetratech.com."             "theice.com."                "thermofisher.com."          "tjx.com."                  
## [217] "trueblue.com."              "ufpi.com."                  "ulta.com."                  "unfi.com."                 
## [221] "unifiedgrocers.com."        "universalcorp.com."         "vishay.com."                "visteon.com."              
## [225] "vwr.com."                   "westarenergy.com."          "westernunion.com."          "westrock.com."             
## [229] "wfscorp.com."               "whitewave.com."             "wpxenergy.com."             "wyndhamworldwide.com."     
## [233] "xilinx.com."                "xpo.com."                   "yum.com."                   "zimmerbiomet.com."

That’s 236 of them outsourcing some part of e-mail services to Microsoft.

We can also see which ones have terrible mail configs (`+all` or `all` passing):

f1k[which(passes_all(f1k$data)),]$name
## [1] "wfscorp.com."      "dupont.com."       "group1auto.com."   "uhsinc.com."      
## [5] "bigheartpet.com."  "pcconnection.com."

or are configured for Exchange federation services:

sort(f1k$name[which(grepl("==", f1k$data))])
## sort(f1k$name[which(grepl("==", f1k$data))])
##   [1] "21cf.com."                 "aarons.com."               "abbott.com."               "abbvie.com."              
##   [5] "actavis.com."              "activisionblizzard.com."   "acuitybrands.com."         "adm.com."                 
##   [9] "adobe.com."                "adt.com."                  "advanceautoparts.com."     "aecom.com."               
##  [13] "aetna.com."                "agilent.com."              "airproducts.com."          "alcoa.com."               
##  [17] "aleris.com."               "allergan.com."             "alliancedata.com."         "amcnetworks.com."         
##  [21] "amd.com."                  "americantower.com."        "amfam.com."                "amgen.com."               
##  [25] "amtrustgroup.com."         "amtrustgroup.com."         "amtrustgroup.com."         "amtrustgroup.com."        
##  [29] "anadarko.com."             "analog.com."               "apachecorp.com."           "applied.com."             
##  [33] "aptar.com."                "aramark.com."              "aramark.com."              "arcb.com."                
##  [37] "archcoal.com."             "armstrong.com."            "armstrong.com."            "arrow.com."               
##  [41] "asburyauto.com."           "autonation.com."           "avnet.com."                "ball.com."                
##  [45] "bankofamerica.com."        "baxter.com."               "bc.com."                   "bd.com."                  
##  [49] "bd.com."                   "bd.com."                   "belden.com."               "bemis.com."               
##  [53] "bestbuy.com."              "biogen.com."               "biomet.com."               "bloominbrands.com."       
##  [57] "bms.com."                  "boeing.com."               "bonton.com."               "borgwarner.com."          
##  [61] "brinks.com."               "brocade.com."              "brunswick.com."            "c-a-m.com."               
##  [65] "ca.com."                   "cabelas.com."              "cabotog.com."              "caleres.com."             
##  [69] "caleres.com."              "caleres.com."              "calpine.com."              "capitalone.com."          
##  [73] "cardinal.com."             "carlyle.com."              "carlyle.com."              "cartech.com."             
##  [77] "cbre.com."                 "celgene.com."              "centene.com."              "centurylink.com."         
##  [81] "cerner.com."               "cerner.com."               "cfindustries.com."         "ch2m.com."                
##  [85] "chevron.com."              "chipotle.com."             "chiquita.com."             "chk.com."                 
##  [89] "chrobinson.com."           "chs.net."                  "chsinc.com."               "chubb.com."               
##  [93] "ciena.com."                "cigna.com."                "cinemark.com."             "cit.com."                 
##  [97] "cmc.com."                  "cmegroup.com."             "coach.com."                "cognizant.com."           
## [101] "cokecce.com."              "colfaxcorp.com."           "columbia.com."             "commscope.com."           
## [105] "con-way.com."              "conagrafoods.com."         "conocophillips.com."       "coopertire.com."          
## [109] "core-mark.com."            "crbard.com."               "crestwoodlp.com."          "crowncastle.com."         
## [113] "crowncork.com."            "csx.com."                  "danaher.com."              "darden.com."              
## [117] "darlingii.com."            "davita.com."               "davita.com."               "davita.com."              
## [121] "dentsplysirona.com."       "diebold.com."              "diplomat.is."              "dish.com."                
## [125] "disney.com."               "donaldson.com."            "dresser-rand.com."         "dstsystems.com."          
## [129] "dupont.com."               "dupont.com."               "dyn-intl.com."             "dyn-intl.com."            
## [133] "dynegy.com."               "ea.com."                   "ea.com."                   "eastman.com."             
## [137] "ebay.com."                 "echostar.com."             "ecolab.com."               "edmc.edu."                
## [141] "edwards.com."              "elcompanies.com."          "emc.com."                  "emerson.com."             
## [145] "energyfutureholdings.com." "energytransfer.com."       "eogresources.com."         "equinix.com."             
## [149] "essendant.com."            "esterline.com."            "evhc.net."                 "exelisinc.com."           
## [153] "exeloncorp.com."           "express-scripts.com."      "express.com."              "express.com."             
## [157] "exxonmobil.com."           "familydollar.com."         "fanniemae.com."            "fastenal.com."            
## [161] "fbhs.com."                 "ferrellgas.com."           "firstenergycorp.com."      "firstsolar.com."          
## [165] "fiserv.com."               "flowserve.com."            "fmc.com."                  "fmglobal.com."            
## [169] "fnf.com."                  "freddiemac.com."           "ge.com."                   "genpt.com."               
## [173] "genworth.com."             "ggp.com."                  "grace.com."                "grainger.com."            
## [177] "graphicpkg.com."           "graybar.com."              "guess.com."                "hain.com."                
## [181] "halliburton.com."          "hanes.com."                "hanes.com."                "harley-davidson.com."     
## [185] "harman.com."               "harris.com."               "harsco.com."               "hasbro.com."              
## [189] "hcahealthcare.com."        "hcc.com."                  "hei.com."                  "henryschein.com."         
## [193] "hess.com."                 "hhgregg.com."              "hnicorp.com."              "hollyfrontier.com."       
## [197] "hologic.com."              "honeywell.com."            "hospira.com."              "hp.com."                  
## [201] "hpinc.com."                "hrblock.com."              "iac.com."                  "igt.com."                 
## [205] "iheartmedia.com."          "imshealth.com."            "ingrammicro.com."          "intel.com."               
## [209] "interpublic.com."          "intuit.com."               "ironmountain.com."         "jacobs.com."              
## [213] "jarden.com."               "jcpenney.com."             "jll.com."                  "johndeere.com."           
## [217] "johndeere.com."            "joyglobal.com."            "juniper.net."              "karauctionservices.com."  
## [221] "kbhome.com."               "kemper.com."               "keurig.com."               "khov.com."                
## [225] "kindredhealthcare.com."    "kkr.com."                  "kla-tencor.com."           "labcorp.com."             
## [229] "labcorp.com."              "lamresearch.com."          "lamresearch.com."          "landolakesinc.com."       
## [233] "lansingtradegroup.com."    "lear.com."                 "leggmason.com."            "leidos.com."              
## [237] "level3.com."               "libertymutual.com."        "lilly.com."                "lithia.com."              
## [241] "livenation.com."           "lkqcorp.com."              "loews.com."                "magellanhealth.com."      
## [245] "manitowoc.com."            "marathonoil.com."          "marathonpetroleum.com."    "markelcorp.com."          
## [249] "markwest.com."             "marriott.com."             "martinmarietta.com."       "masco.com."               
## [253] "massmutual.com."           "mastec.com."               "mastercard.com."           "mattel.com."              
## [257] "maximintegrated.com."      "mckesson.com."             "mercuryinsurance.com."     "meritor.com."             
## [261] "metlife.com."              "mgmresorts.com."           "micron.com."               "microsoft.com."           
## [265] "mohawkind.com."            "molsoncoors.com."          "monsanto.com."             "mosaicco.com."            
## [269] "motorolasolutions.com."    "mscdirect.com."            "murphyoilcorp.com."        "nasdaqomx.com."           
## [273] "navistar.com."             "nbty.com."                 "ncr.com."                  "netapp.com."              
## [277] "newfield.com."             "newscorp.com."             "nike.com."                 "nov.com."                 
## [281] "nrgenergy.com."            "ntenergy.com."             "nucor.com."                "nustarenergy.com."        
## [285] "o-i.com."                  "oaktreecapital.com."       "ocwen.com."                "omnicare.com."            
## [289] "oneok.com."                "oneok.com."                "onsemi.com."               "outerwall.com."           
## [293] "owens-minor.com."          "owens-minor.com."          "oxy.com."                  "packagingcorp.com."       
## [297] "pall.com."                 "parexel.com."              "paychex.com."              "pcconnection.com."        
## [301] "penskeautomotive.com."     "pepsico.com."              "pfizer.com."               "pg.com."                  
## [305] "polaris.com."              "polyone.com."              "pplweb.com."               "principal.com."           
## [309] "protective.com."           "publix.com."               "qg.com."                   "questdiagnostics.com."    
## [313] "quintiles.com."            "rcscapital.com."           "realogy.com."              "regmovies.com."           
## [317] "rentacenter.com."          "republicservices.com."     "rexnord.com."              "reynoldsamerican.com."    
## [321] "reynoldsamerican.com."     "rgare.com."                "roberthalf.com."           "rpc.net."                 
## [325] "rushenterprises.com."      "safeway.com."              "saic.com."                 "sandisk.com."             
## [329] "scana.com."                "scansource.com."           "seaboardcorp.com."         "selective.com."           
## [333] "selective.com."            "sempra.com."               "servicemaster.com."        "servicemaster.com."       
## [337] "servicemaster.com."        "sjm.com."                  "sm-energy.com."            "spectraenergy.com."       
## [341] "spiritaero.com."           "sprouts.com."              "spx.com."                  "staples.com."             
## [345] "starbucks.com."            "starwoodhotels.com."       "statestreet.com."          "steelcase.com."           
## [349] "steeldynamics.com."        "stericycle.com."           "stifel.com."               "stryker.com."             
## [353] "sunedison.com."            "sungard.com."              "supervalu.com."            "symantec.com."            
## [357] "symantec.com."             "synnex.com."               "synopsys.com."             "taylormorrison.com."      
## [361] "tdsinc.com."               "teamhealth.com."           "techdata.com."             "teledyne.com."            
## [365] "tempursealy.com."          "tenethealth.com."          "teradata.com."             "tetratech.com."           
## [369] "textron.com."              "thermofisher.com."         "tiaa-cref.org."            "tiffany.com."             
## [373] "timewarner.com."           "towerswatson.com."         "treehousefoods.com."       "tribunemedia.com."        
## [377] "trimble.com."              "trinet.com."               "trueblue.com."             "ugicorp.com."             
## [381] "uhsinc.com."               "ulta.com."                 "unifiedgrocers.com."       "unisys.com."              
## [385] "unum.com."                 "usfoods.com."              "varian.com."               "verizon.com."             
## [389] "vfc.com."                  "viacom.com."               "visa.com."                 "vishay.com."              
## [393] "visteon.com."              "wabtec.com."               "walmart.com."              "wecenergygroup.com."      
## [397] "wecenergygroup.com."       "west.com."                 "westarenergy.com."         "westlake.com."            
## [401] "westrock.com."             "weyerhaeuser.com."         "wholefoodsmarket.com."     "williams.com."            
## [405] "wm.com."                   "wnr.com."                  "wpxenergy.com."            "wyndhamworldwide.com."    
## [409] "xerox.com."                "xpo.com."                  "yrcw.com."                 "yum.com."                 
## [413] "zoetis.com."

And, even go so far as to see what are the most popular third-party mail services:

incl <- suffix_extract(sort(unlist(spf_includes(f1k$data))))
incl <- data.frame(table(paste(incl$domain, incl$suffix, sep=".")), stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
incl <- head(arrange(incl, desc(Freq)), 20)
incl <- mutate(incl, Var1=factor(Var1, Var1))
incl <- rename(incl, Service=Var1, Count=Freq)
 
gg <- ggplot(incl, aes(Service, Count))
gg <- gg + geom_bar(stat="identity", width=0.75)
gg <- gg + scale_x_discrete(expand=c(0,0))
gg <- gg + scale_y_continuous(expand=c(0,0), limits=c(0, 250))
gg <- gg + coord_flip()
gg <- gg + labs(x=NULL, y=NULL, 
                title="Most popular services used by the F1000",
                subtitle="As determined by SPF record configuration")
gg <- gg + theme_hrbrmstr(grid="X", axis="y")
gg <- gg + theme(plot.margin=margin(t=10, l=10, b=20, r=10))
gg

Fullscreen_4_11_16__1_10_AM

### Fin

There are more `TXT` records to play with than just SPF ones and many other hidden easter eggs. I need to add a few more functions into `gdns` before shipping it off to CRAN, so if you have any feature requests, now’s the time to file a [github issue](https://github.com/hrbrmstr/gdns/issues).

OS X XQuartz Vulnerability Test Using R

It’s usually a good thing when my and infosec worlds collide. Unfortunately, this time it’s a script that R folk running on OS X can use to see if they are using a version of XQuartz that has a nasty vulnerability in the framework it uses to auto-update. If this test comes back with the warning, try to refrain from using XQuartz on insecure networks until the developers fix the issue.

**UPDATE**

Thanks to a gist prodding by @bearloga, here’s a script to scan all your applications for the vulnerability:

library(purrr)
library(dplyr)
library(XML)
 
read_plist <- safely(readKeyValueDB)
safe_compare <- safely(compareVersion)
 
apps <- list.dirs(c("/Applications", "/Applications/Utilities"), recursive=FALSE)
 
# if you have something further than this far down that's bad you're on your own
 
for (i in 1:4) {
  moar_dirs <- grep("app$", apps, value=TRUE, invert=TRUE)
  if (length(moar_dirs) > 0) { apps <- c(apps, list.dirs(moar_dirs, recursive=FALSE)) }
}
apps <- unique(grep("app$", apps, value=TRUE))
 
pb <- txtProgressBar(0, length(apps), style=3)
 
suppressWarnings(map_df(1:length(apps), function(i) {
 
  x <- apps[i]
 
  setTxtProgressBar(pb, i)
 
  is_vuln <- FALSE
  version <- ""
 
  app_name <- sub("\\.app$", "", basename(x))
  app_loc <- sub("^/", "", dirname(x))
 
  to_look <- c(sprintf("%s/Contents/Frameworks/Autoupdate.app/Contents/Info.plist", x),
               sprintf("%s/Contents/Frameworks/Sparkle.framework/Versions/A/Resources/Info.plist", x),
               sprintf("%s/Contents/Frameworks/Sparkle.framework/Versions/A/Resources/Autoupdate.app/Contents/Info.plist", x))
 
  is_there <- map_lgl(c(sprintf("%s/Contents/Frameworks/Sparkle.framework/", x), to_look), file.exists)
 
  has_sparkle <- any(is_there)
 
  to_look <- to_look[which(is_there[-1])]
 
  discard(map_chr(to_look, function(x) {
    read_plist(x)$result$CFBundleShortVersionString %||% NA
  }), is.na) -> vs
 
  if (any(map_dbl(vs, function(v) { safe_compare(v, "1.16.1")$result %||% -1 }) < 0)) {
    is_vuln <- TRUE
    version <- vs[1]
  }
 
  data_frame(app_loc, app_name, has_sparkle, is_vuln, version)
 
})) -> app_scan_results
 
close(pb)
 
select(arrange(filter(app_scan_results, has_sparkle), app_loc, app_name), -has_sparkle)

iptools 0.3.0 (“Violet Packet”) Now on CRAN with Windows Support!

`iptools` is a set of tools for working with IP addresses. Not just work, but work _fast_. It’s backed by `Rcpp` and now uses the [AsioHeaders](http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/2016/01/07/#asioheaders_1.11.0-1) package by Dirk Eddelbuettel, which means it no longer needs to _link_ against the monolithic Boost libraries and *works on Windows*!

What can you do with it? One thing you can do is take a vector of domain names and turn them into IP addresses:

library(iptools)
 
hostname_to_ip(c("rud.is", "dds.ec", "ironholds.org", "google.com"))
 
## [[1]]
## [1] "104.236.112.222"
## 
## [[2]]
## [1] "162.243.111.4"
## 
## [[3]]
## [1] "104.131.2.226"
## 
## [[4]]
##  [1] "2607:f8b0:400b:80a::100e" "74.125.226.101"           "74.125.226.102"          
##  [4] "74.125.226.100"           "74.125.226.96"            "74.125.226.104"          
##  [7] "74.125.226.99"            "74.125.226.103"           "74.125.226.105"          
## [10] "74.125.226.98"            "74.125.226.97"            "74.125.226.110"

That means you can pump a bunch of domain names from logs into `iptools` and get current IP address allocations out for them.

You can also do the reverse:

library(magrittr)
library(purrr)
library(iptools)
 
hostname_to_ip(c("rud.is", "dds.ec", "ironholds.org", "google.com")) %>% 
  flatten_chr() %>% 
  ip_to_hostname() %>% 
  flatten_chr()
 
##  [1] "104.236.112.222"           "dds.ec"                    "104.131.2.226"            
##  [4] "yyz08s13-in-x0e.1e100.net" "yyz08s13-in-f5.1e100.net"  "yyz08s13-in-f6.1e100.net" 
##  [7] "yyz08s13-in-f4.1e100.net"  "yyz08s13-in-f0.1e100.net"  "yyz08s13-in-f8.1e100.net" 
## [10] "yyz08s13-in-f3.1e100.net"  "yyz08s13-in-f7.1e100.net"  "yyz08s13-in-f9.1e100.net" 
## [13] "yyz08s13-in-f2.1e100.net"  "yyz08s13-in-f1.1e100.net"  "yyz08s13-in-f14.1e100.net"

Notice that it handled IPv6 addresses and also cases where no reverse mapping existed for an IP address.

You can convert IPv4 addresses to and from long integer format (the 4 octet version of IPv4 addresses is primarily to make them easier for humans to grok), generate random IP addresses for testing, test IP addresses for validity and type and also reference data sets with registered assignments (so you can see allocated IP groups). Plus, it includes `xff_extract()` which can help identify an actual IP address (helpful when connections come from behind proxies).

We can’t thank Dirk enough for cranking out `AsioHeaders` since it means there will be many more network/”cyber” packages coming for R and available on every platform.

You can find `iptools` version `0.3.0` [on CRAN](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/iptools/) now (it may take your mirror a bit to catch up), grab the source [release](https://github.com/hrbrmstr/iptools/releases/tag/v0.3.0) on GitHub or check out the [repo](https://github.com/hrbrmstr/iptools/), poke around, submit issues and/or contribute!

Isn’t it great when an R package can help you with resolutions in the new year?

Paths To Discovery: Mapping Your Home Network

Gone are the days when one had a single computer plugged directly into a modem (cable, DSL or good ol’ Hayes). Even the days when there were just one or two computers connected via wires or invisible multi-gigahertz waves passing through the air are in the long gone by. Today (as you’ll see in the February 2016 [OUCH! newsletter](http://securingthehuman.sans.org/resources/newsletters/ouch/2016)), there are scads of devices of all kinds on your home network. How can you keep track of them all?

Some router & wireless access point vendors provide tools on their device “admin” pages to see what’s connected, but they are inconsistent at best (and usually pretty ugly & cumbersome to navigate to). Thankfully, app purveyors have jumped in to fill the gap. Here’s a list of free or “freemium” (basic features for free, advanced features cost extra) tools for mobile devices and Windows or OS X (if you’re running Linux at home, I’m assuming you’re familiar with the tools available for Linux).

### iOS

– Fing –
– iNet – Network Scanner –
– Network Analyzer Lite – wifi scanner, ping & net info –

### Android

– Fing – (google); (amazon)
– Pamn (google); (direct source)

### Windows

– Advanced IP Scanner
– Angry IP Scanner –
– Fing –
– MiTec Network Scanner –
– nmap –

### OS X

– Angry IP Scanner –
– Fing –
– IP Scanner –
– LanScan –
– nmap –

Some of these tools are easier to work with than others, but they all install pretty easily (though “Fing” and “nmap” work at the command-line on Windows & OS X, so if you’re not a “power user”, you may want to use other tools on those platforms). In most cases, it’s up to you to keep a copy of the output and perform your own “diffs”. One “pro” option for tools like “Fing” is the ability to have the tool store scan results “in the cloud” and perform this comparison for you.

Drop a note in the comments if you have other suggestions, but _vendors be warned_: I’ll be moderating all comments to help ensure no evil links or blatant product shilling makes it to reader eyeballs.

New Fake Vulnerability Service – SVE

The SVE service is a fake new service solely put out there to facilitate some inane puzzle. You can reference SVE-2015-9999 via this URL and hopefully this will make it possible for google to get it back in their index.

Moving From system() calls to Rcpp Interfaces

Over on the [Data Driven Security Blog](http://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Apr/making-better-dns-txt-record-lookups-with-rcpp/) there’s a post on how to use `Rcpp` to interface with an external library (in this case `ldns` for DNS lookups). It builds on [another post](http://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Apr/firewall-busting-asn-lookups/) which uses `system()` to make a call to `dig` to lookup DNS `TXT` records.

The core code is below and at both the aforementioned blog post and [this gist](https://gist.github.com/hrbrmstr/11286662). The post walks you though creating a simple interface and a future post will cover how to build a full package interface to an external library.

Using Twitter as a Data Source For Monitoring Password Dumps

I shot a quick post over at the [Data Driven Security blog](http://bit.ly/1hyqJiT) explaining how to separate Twitter data gathering from R code via the Ruby `t` ([github repo](https://github.com/sferik/t)) command. Using `t` frees R code from having to be a Twitter processor and lets the analyst focus on analysis and visualization, plus you can use `t` as a substitute for Twitter GUIs if you’d rather play at the command-line:

$ t timeline ddsecblog
   @DDSecBlog
   Monitoring Credential Dumps Plus Using Twitter As a Data Source http://t.co/ThYbjRI9Za
 
   @DDSecBlog
   Nice intro to R + stats // Data Analysis and Statistical Inference free @datacamp_com course
   http://t.co/FC44FF9DSp
 
   @DDSecBlog
   Very accessible paper & cool approach to detection // Nazca: Detecting Malware Distribution in
   Large-Scale Networks http://t.co/fqrSaFvUK2
 
   @DDSecBlog
   Start of a new series by new contributing blogger @spttnnh! // @AlienVault rep db Longitudinal
   Study Part 1 : http://t.co/XM7m4zP0tr
 
   ...

The DDSec post shows how to mine the well-formatted output from the @dumpmon Twitter bot to visualize dump trends over time:

and has the code in-line and over at the [DDSec github repo](https://github.com/ddsbook/blog/blob/master/extra/src/R/dumpmon.R) [R].