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(This article was first published on <strong><a href="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/"> R – Strenge Jacke!</a></strong>, and kindly contributed to <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.r-bloggers.com/">R-bloggers)</a> </div>
<p>I’m pleased to announce the latest update from my <a rel="nofollow" href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=sjPlot" target="_blank">sjPlot-package on CRAN</a>. Beside some bug fixes and minor new features, the major update is a new function, <code>plot_model()</code>, which is both an enhancement and replacement of <code>sjp.lm()</code>, <code>sjp.glm()</code>, <code>sjp.lmer()</code>, <code>sjp.glmer()</code> and <code>sjp.int()</code>. The latter functions will become deprecated in the next updates and removed somewhen in the future.</p>
<p><code>plot_model()</code> is a „generic“ plot function that accepts many model-objects, like <code>lm</code>, <code>glm</code>, <code>lme</code>, <code>lmerMod</code> etc. It offers various plotting types, like estimates/coefficient plots (aka forest or dot-whisker plots), marginal effect plots and plotting interaction terms, and sort of diagnostic plots.</p>
<p>In this blog post, I want to describe how to plot estimates as forest plots.</p>
<h1>Plotting Estimates (Fixed Effects) of Regression Models</h1>
<p>The plot-type is defined via the <code>type</code>-argument. The default is <code>type = &quot;fe&quot;</code>, which means that fixed effects (model coefficients) are plotted. First, we fit a model that will be used in the following examples. The examples work in the same way for any other model as well.</p>
<pre><code>library(sjPlot)
library(sjlabelled)
library(sjmisc)
library(ggplot2)

data(efc)
theme_set(theme_sjplot())

<span># create binary response</span>
y &lt;- ifelse(efc$neg_c_7 &lt; median(na.omit(efc$neg_c_7)), 0, 1)

<span># create data frame for fitting model</span>
df &lt;- data.frame(
  y = to_factor(y),
  sex = to_factor(efc$c161sex),
  dep = to_factor(efc$e42dep),
  barthel = efc$barthtot,
  education = to_factor(efc$c172code)
)

<span># set variable label for response</span>
set_label(df$y) &lt;- &quot;High Negative Impact&quot;

<span># fit model</span>
m1 &lt;- glm(y ~., data = df, family = binomial(link = &quot;logit&quot;))</code></pre>
<p>The simplest function call is just passing the model object as argument. By default, estimates are sorted in descending order, with the highest effect at the top.</p>
<pre><code>plot_model(m1)</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1460" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-13/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download" data-image-title="Download" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1460" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<p>The “neutral” line, i.e. the vertical intercept that indicates no effect (x-axis position 1 for most glm’s and position 0 for most linear models), is drawn slightly thicker than the other grid lines. You can change the line color with the <code>vline.color</code>-argument.</p>
<pre><code>plot_model(m1, vline.color = &quot;red&quot;)</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-1.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-1.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1464" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-1.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-1-2/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-1.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download (1)" data-image-title="Download (1)" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1464" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<h2>Sorting Estimates</h2>
<p>By default, the estimates are sorted in the same order as they were introduced into the model. Use <code>sort.est = TRUE</code> to sort estimates in descending order, from highest to lowest value.</p>
<pre><code>plot_model(m1, sort.est = TRUE)</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-2.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-2.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1468" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-2.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-2-2/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-2.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download (2)" data-image-title="Download (2)" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1468" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<p>Another way to sort estimates is to use the <code>order.terms</code>-argument. This is a numeric vector, indicating the order of estimates in the plot. In the summary, we see that “sex2” is the first term, followed by the three dependency-categories (position 2-4), the Barthel-Index (5) and two levels for intermediate and high level of education (6 and 7).</p>
<pre><code>summary(m1)
<span>#> #> Call:
#> glm(formula = y ~ ., family = binomial(link = &quot;logit&quot;), data = df)
#> #> Deviance Residuals: #> Min 1Q Median 3Q Max #> -2.2654 -0.9275 0.4610 0.9464 2.0215 #> #> Coefficients:
#> Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) #> (Intercept) 0.700232 0.576715 1.214 0.224682 #> sex2 0.649136 0.186186 3.486 0.000489 ***
#> dep2 0.485259 0.361498 1.342 0.179480 #> dep3 1.125130 0.361977 3.108 0.001882 ** #> dep4 0.910194 0.441774 2.060 0.039368 * #> barthel -0.029802 0.004732 -6.298 3.02e-10 ***
#> education2 0.226525 0.200298 1.131 0.258081 #> education3 0.283600 0.249327 1.137 0.255346 #> ---
#> Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#> #> (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
#> #> Null deviance: 1122.16 on 814 degrees of freedom
#> Residual deviance: 939.77 on 807 degrees of freedom
#> (93 observations deleted due to missingness)
#> AIC: 955.77
#> #> Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4</span></code></pre>
<p>Now we want the educational levels (6 and 7) first, than gender (1), followed by dependency (2-4)and finally the Barthel-Index (5). Use this order as numeric vector for the <code>order.terms</code>-argument.</p>
<pre><code>plot_model(m1, order.terms = c(6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5))</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-3.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-3.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1474" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-3.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-3-2/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-3.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download (3)" data-image-title="Download (3)" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1474" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<h2>Estimates on the untransformed scale</h2>
<p>By default, <code>plot_model()</code> automatically exponentiates coefficients, if appropriate (e.g. for models with log or logit link). You can explicitley prevent transformation by setting the <code>transform</code>-argument to <code>NULL</code>, or apply any transformation – no matter whether this function / transformation makes sense or not – by using a character vector with the function name.</p>
<pre><code>plot_model(m1, transform = NULL)</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-4.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-4.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1481" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-4.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-4-2/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-4.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download (4)" data-image-title="Download (4)" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1481" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<pre><code>plot_model(m1, transform = &quot;plogis&quot;)</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-5.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-5.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1483" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-5.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-5-2/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-5.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download (5)" data-image-title="Download (5)" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1483" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<h2>Showing value labels</h2>
<p>By default, just the dots and error bars are plotted. Use <code>show.values = TRUE</code> to show the value labels with the estimates values, and use <code>show.p = FALSE</code> to suppress the asterisks that indicate the significance level of the p-values. Use <code>value.offset</code> to adjust the relative positioning of value labels to the dots and lines.</p>
<pre><code>plot_model(m1, show.values = TRUE, value.offset = .3)</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download1.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download1.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1486" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download1.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-14/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download1.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download" data-image-title="Download" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1486" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<h2>Labelling the plot</h2>
<p>As seen in the above examples, by default, the plotting-functions of <strong>sjPlot</strong> retrieve value and variable labels if the data is <em>labelled</em>, using the <a rel="nofollow" href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=sjlabelled" target="_blank">sjlabelled-package</a>. If the data is not labelled, the variable names are used. In such cases, use the arguments <code>title</code>, <code>axis.labels</code> and <code>axis.title</code> to annotate the plot title and axes. If you want variable names instead of labels, even for labelled data, use <code>&quot;&quot;</code> as argument-value, e.g. <code>axis.labels = &quot;&quot;</code>, or set <code>auto.label</code> to <code>FALSE</code>.</p>
<p>Furthermore, <code>plot_model()</code> applies case-conversion to all labels by default, using the <a rel="nofollow" href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=snakecase" target="_blank">snakecase-package</a>. This converts labels into human-readable versions. Use <code>case = NULL</code> to turn case-conversion off, or refer to the package-vignette of the <strong>snakecase</strong>-package for further options.</p>
<pre><code>data(iris)
m2 &lt;- lm(Sepal.Length ~ Sepal.Width + Petal.Length + Species, data = iris)
<span># variable names as labels, but made &quot;human readable&quot;
# separating dots are removed</span>
plot_model(m2)</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-11.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-11.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1492" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-11.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-1-3/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-11.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download (1)" data-image-title="Download (1)" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1492" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<pre><code><span># to use variable names even for labelled data</span>
plot_model(m1, axis.labels = &quot;&quot;, title = &quot;my own title&quot;)</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-21.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-21.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1494" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-21.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-2-3/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-21.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download (2)" data-image-title="Download (2)" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1494" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<h2>Pick or remove specific terms from plot</h2>
<p>Use <code>terms</code> resp. <code>rm.terms</code> to select specific terms that should (not) be plotted.</p>
<pre><code><span># keep only coefficients sex2, dep2 and dep3</span>
plot_model(m1, terms = c(&quot;sex2&quot;, &quot;dep2&quot;, &quot;dep3&quot;))</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-31.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-31.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1500" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-31.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-3-3/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-31.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download (3)" data-image-title="Download (3)" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1500" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<pre><code><span># remove coefficients sex2, dep2 and dep3</span>
plot_model(m1, rm.terms = c(&quot;sex2&quot;, &quot;dep2&quot;, &quot;dep3&quot;))</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-41.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-41.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1502" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-41.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-4-3/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-41.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download (4)" data-image-title="Download (4)" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1502" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<h2>Bayesian models (fitted with Stan)</h2>
<p><code>plot_model()</code> also supports stan-models fitted with the <strong>rstanarm</strong> or <strong>brms</strong> packages. However, there are a few differences compared to the previous plot examples.</p>
<p>First, of course, there are no <em>confidence intervals</em>, but <em>uncertainty intervals</em> – high density intervals, to be precise.</p>
<p>Second, there’s not just one interval range, but an <em>inner</em> and <em>outer</em> probability. By default, the inner probability is fixed to <code>.5</code> (50%), while the outer probability is specified via <code>ci.lvl</code> (which defaults to <code>.89</code> (89%) for Bayesian models). However, you can also use the arguments <code>prob.inner</code> and <code>prob.outer</code> to define the intervals boundaries.</p>
<p>Third, the point estimate is by default the <em>median</em>, but can also be another value, like mean. This can be specified with the <code>bpe</code>-argument.</p>
<pre><code>library(rstanarm)
data(mtcars)
m &lt;- stan_glm(mpg ~ wt + am + cyl + gear, data = mtcars, chains = 1)
<span># default model</span>
plot_model(m)</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-51.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-51.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1507" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-51.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-5-3/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-51.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download (5)" data-image-title="Download (5)" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1507" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<pre><code><span># same model, with mean point estimate, dot-style for point estimate
# and different inner/outer probabilities of the HDI</span>
plot_model(
  m, 
  bpe = &quot;mean&quot;,
  bpe.style = &quot;dot&quot;,
  prob.inner = .4,
  prob.outer = .8
)</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-6.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-6.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1509" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-6.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-6-2/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download-6.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download (6)" data-image-title="Download (6)" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1509" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<h2>Tweaking plot appearance</h2>
<p>There are several options to customize the plot appearance:</p>
<ul>
<li>The <code>colors</code>-argument either takes the name of a valid <a rel="nofollow" href="http://colorbrewer2.org/" target="_blank">colorbrewer palette</a> (see also the related <a rel="nofollow" href="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/custplot.html" target="_blank">vignette</a>), <code>&quot;bw&quot;</code> or <code>&quot;gs&quot;</code> for black/white or greyscaled colors, or a string with a color name.</li>
<li><code>value.offset</code> and <code>value.size</code> adjust the positioning and size of value labels, if shown.</li>
<li><code>dot.size</code> and <code>line.size</code> change the size of dots and error bars.</li>
<li><code>vline.color</code> changes the neutral “intercept” line.</li>
<li><code>width</code>, <code>alpha</code> and <code>scale</code> are passed down to certain ggplot-geoms, like <code>geom_errorbar()</code> or <code>geom_density_ridges()</code>.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>plot_model(
  m1, 
  colors = &quot;Accent&quot;, 
  show.values = TRUE,
  value.offset = .4,
  value.size = 4,
  dot.size = 3,
  line.size = 1.5,
  vline.color = &quot;blue&quot;,
  width = 1.5
)</code></pre>
<p><img data-orig-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download2.png?w=456" data-orig-size="672,480" data-medium-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download2.png?w=456?w=300" data-attachment-id="1513" data-image-meta="{" data-image-description="" src="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download2.png?w=456" data-permalink="https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2017/10/23/one-function-to-rule-them-all-visualization-of-regression-models-in-rstats-w-sjplot/download-15/" data-large-file="https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/download2.png?w=456?w=672" alt="Download" data-image-title="Download" sizes="(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" data-comments-opened="1" class="wp-image-1513" data-recalc-dims="1"></p>
<h2>Final words</h2>
<p>In a similar manner, marginal effects (predictins) of models can be plotted. One of the next blog posts will show some examples.</p>
<p><code>plot_model()</code> makes it easy to „summarize“ models of (m)any classes as plot. On the one hand, you no longer need different functions for different models (like lm, glm, lmer etc.), on the other hand, now even more model types are supported in the latest <a rel="nofollow" href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=sjPlot" target="_blank">sjPlot-update</a>. Forthcoming updates will continue this „design philosophy“, for instance, a generic <code>tab_model()</code>-funtion will produce tabular (HTML) outputs of models and will replace current functions <code>sjt.lm()</code>, <code>sjt.glm()</code>, <code>sjt.lmer()</code> and <code>sjt.glmer()</code>. <code>tab_model()</code> is planned to support more model types as well, and offer more output options…</p>
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