{"id":12195,"date":"2019-05-18T10:26:34","date_gmt":"2019-05-18T15:26:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rud.is\/b\/?p=12195"},"modified":"2019-05-19T11:23:45","modified_gmt":"2019-05-19T16:23:45","slug":"mapping-tornado-alley-with-r","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rud.is\/b\/2019\/05\/18\/mapping-tornado-alley-with-r\/","title":{"rendered":"Mapping Tornado Alley with R"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>I caught a re-tweet of this tweet by @harry_stevens:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">THREAD: I wrote a post on <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/observablehq?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">@observablehq<\/a> about a map I made today. It shows a typical day in the life of a graphics journalist: You never know what problems you&#39;ll have to solve on deadline! <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/yRhW1wbLxN\">https:\/\/t.co\/yRhW1wbLxN<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/d3js?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#d3js<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/dataviz?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#dataviz<\/a> 1\/7 <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/7N6mmK0nz3\">pic.twitter.com\/7N6mmK0nz3<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Harry Stevens (@Harry_Stevens) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Harry_Stevens\/status\/1129160171161300995?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">May 16, 2019<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Harry&#8217;s thread and Observable post are great on their own and both show the power and utility of Observable javascript notebooks.<\/p>\n<p>However, the re-tweet (which I&#8217;m not posting because it&#8217;s daft) took a swipe at both Python &amp; R. Now, I&#8217;m all for a good swipe at Python (mostly to ensure we never forget all those broken spacebars and tab keys that language has caused) but I&#8217;ll gladly defend it and R together when it comes to Getting Things Done, even on deadline.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s walk through what one of us might have done had we been in the same scenario as Harry.<\/p>\n<h3>Mapping On A Deadline<\/h3>\n<p>So, we have to create a map of historical tornado frequency trends on deadline.<\/p>\n<p>We emailed researchers and <a href=\"https:\/\/rud.is\/dl\/tornado.zip\">received three <code>txt<\/code> files<\/a>. One is a set of latitudes, another longitudes, and the final one is the trend value. It&#8217;s gridded data.<\/p>\n<p>Download that ZIP and pretend you got three files in email vs a nice ZIP and make a new RStudio project called &#8220;tornado&#8221; and put those three files in a local-to-the-project-root <code>data\/<\/code> directory. Let&#8217;s read them in and look at them:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-r\">library(hrbrthemes) # not 100% necessary but i like my ggplot2 theme(s) :-)\nlibrary(tidyverse)  # data wrangling &amp; ggplot2\n\ntibble(\n  lat = scan(here::here(\"data\/lats.txt\")),\n  lon = scan(here::here(\"data\/lons.txt\")),\n  trend = scan(here::here(\"data\/trends.txt\"))\n) -&gt; tornado\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>You very likely never directly use the <code>base::scan()<\/code> function, but it&#8217;s handy here since we just have files of doubles with each value separated by whitespace. Now, let&#8217;s see what we have:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-r\">tornado\n## # A tibble: 30,000 x 3\n##      lat   lon trend\n##    &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;\n##  1 0.897 -180.     0\n##  2 0.897 -179.     0\n##  3 0.897 -178.     0\n##  4 0.897 -176.     0\n##  5 0.897 -175.     0\n##  6 0.897 -174.     0\n##  7 0.897 -173.     0\n##  8 0.897 -172.     0\n##  9 0.897 -170.     0\n## 10 0.897 -169.     0\n## # \u2026 with 29,990 more rows\n\nsummary(tornado)\n##      lat               lon                 trend           \n## Min.   : 0.8973   Min.   :-179.99808   Min.   :-0.4733610  \n## 1st Qu.:22.0063   1st Qu.: -90.00066   1st Qu.: 0.0000000  \n## Median :43.1154   Median :  -0.00323   Median : 0.0000000  \n## Mean   :43.1154   Mean   :  -0.00323   Mean   : 0.0002756  \n## 3rd Qu.:64.2245   3rd Qu.:  89.99419   3rd Qu.: 0.0000000  \n## Max.   :85.3335   Max.   : 179.99161   Max.   : 0.6314569  \n\n#+ grid-overview\nggplot(tornado, aes(lon, lat)) +\n  geom_point(aes(color = trend))\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"12196\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/rud.is\/b\/2019\/05\/18\/mapping-tornado-alley-with-r\/grid-overview-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?fit=1920%2C1152&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1152\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"grid-overview-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?fit=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?fit=510%2C306&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?resize=510%2C306&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"510\" height=\"306\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-12196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?resize=530%2C318&amp;ssl=1 530w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?resize=150%2C90&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?resize=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?resize=768%2C461&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?resize=500%2C300&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?resize=1200%2C720&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?resize=400%2C240&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?resize=800%2C480&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?resize=200%2C120&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?w=1020&amp;ssl=1 1020w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-1.png?w=1530&amp;ssl=1 1530w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-r\">#+ trend-overview\nggplot(tornado, aes(trend)) +\n  geom_histogram() +\n  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(-0.5, 0.5, 0.05))\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"12198\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/rud.is\/b\/2019\/05\/18\/mapping-tornado-alley-with-r\/trend-overview-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?fit=1920%2C1152&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1152\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"trend-overview-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?fit=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?fit=510%2C306&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?resize=510%2C306&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"510\" height=\"306\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-12198\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?resize=530%2C318&amp;ssl=1 530w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?resize=150%2C90&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?resize=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?resize=768%2C461&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?resize=500%2C300&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?resize=1200%2C720&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?resize=400%2C240&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?resize=800%2C480&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?resize=200%2C120&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?w=1020&amp;ssl=1 1020w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/trend-overview-1.png?w=1530&amp;ssl=1 1530w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Since we&#8217;re looking for trends (either direction) in just the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41612-018-0048-2.epdf?author_access_token=PQZthaEqlkut62uLi4HlpNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Ofpugx93Jq3uh7IKWsjvSCCm9cT6oavbBDxy4CNfmgPbnVGCtRW0GfAXKcI3DSQ1vbeVbyw-jzqriwQAlEDMNsLcaDsYkvTU-SaxpOcafW-Q%3D%3D\">United States<\/a> the latitude and longitude ranges will need to be shrunk down a bit (it does indeed look like globally gridded data) and we&#8217;ll be able to shrink the data set a bit more since we only want to look at large or small tends.<\/p>\n<p>We don&#8217;t really need modern R\/ggplot2 mapping idioms for this project (i.e. the new <code>{sf}<\/code> ecosystem), so we&#8217;ll keep it &#8220;simple&#8221; (scare quotes since that&#8217;s a loaded term) and just use the built in maps and <code>geom_map()<\/code>. First, let&#8217;s get the U.S. states and extract their bounding boxes\/limits:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-r\">maps::map(\"state\", \".\", exact = FALSE, plot = FALSE, fill = TRUE) %&gt;% \n  fortify(map_obj) %&gt;% \n  as_tibble() -&gt; state_map\n\nxlim &lt;- range(state_map$long)\nylim &lt;- range(state_map$lat)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>NOTE: I tend not to use the handy <code>ggplot::map_data()<\/code> function since it ends up clobbering <code>purrr::map()<\/code> which I use heavily (though not in this post). I also try to use <code>{sf}<\/code> these days so this tends to not be an issue anymore anyway.<\/p>\n<p>Now, let&#8217;s focus in on the target area in the original paper and the Axios article:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-r\">filter(\n  tornado,\n  between(lon, -107, xlim[2]), between(lat, ylim[1], ylim[2]), # -107 gets us ~left-edge of TX\n  ((trend &lt; -0.07) | (trend &gt; 0.07)) # approximates notebook selection range\n) -&gt; tornado\n\n#+ grid-overview-2\nggplot(tornado, aes(lon, lat)) +\n  geom_point(aes(color = trend))\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"12199\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/rud.is\/b\/2019\/05\/18\/mapping-tornado-alley-with-r\/grid-overview-2-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?fit=1920%2C1152&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1152\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"grid-overview-2-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?fit=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?fit=510%2C306&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?resize=510%2C306&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"510\" height=\"306\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-12199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?resize=530%2C318&amp;ssl=1 530w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?resize=150%2C90&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?resize=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?resize=768%2C461&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?resize=500%2C300&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?resize=1200%2C720&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?resize=400%2C240&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?resize=800%2C480&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?resize=200%2C120&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?w=1020&amp;ssl=1 1020w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-2-1.png?w=1530&amp;ssl=1 1530w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Now we&#8217;re getting close to our final solution.<\/p>\n<p>As stated in the Observable notebook and implied by the word &#8220;grid&#8221; these dots are centroids of grid rectangles. This means we really want boxes, not points. The article got all fancy but it&#8217;s not really necessary since we can use <code>ggplot2::geom_tile()<\/code> to get us said boxes:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-r\">#+ grid-overview-3\nggplot(tornado, aes(lon, lat)) +\n  geom_tile(aes(fill = trend, color = trend))\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"12201\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/rud.is\/b\/2019\/05\/18\/mapping-tornado-alley-with-r\/grid-overview-3-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?fit=1920%2C1152&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1152\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"grid-overview-3-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?fit=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?fit=510%2C306&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?resize=510%2C306&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"510\" height=\"306\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-12201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?resize=530%2C318&amp;ssl=1 530w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?resize=150%2C90&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?resize=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?resize=768%2C461&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?resize=500%2C300&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?resize=1200%2C720&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?resize=400%2C240&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?resize=800%2C480&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?resize=200%2C120&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?w=1020&amp;ssl=1 1020w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/grid-overview-3-1.png?w=1530&amp;ssl=1 1530w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Now, we just need to add in map layers, and tweak some aesthetics to make it look like a map. We&#8217;ll start naively:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-r\">#+ map-1\nggplot() +\n  geom_tile(\n    data = tornado,\n    aes(lon, lat, fill = trend, color = trend)\n  ) +\n  geom_map(\n    data = state_map, map = state_map,\n    aes(long, lat, map_id = region),\n    color = \"black\", size = 0.125, fill = NA\n  )\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"12202\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/rud.is\/b\/2019\/05\/18\/mapping-tornado-alley-with-r\/map-1-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?fit=1920%2C1152&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1920,1152\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"map-1-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?fit=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?fit=510%2C306&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?resize=510%2C306&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"510\" height=\"306\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-12202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?resize=530%2C318&amp;ssl=1 530w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?resize=150%2C90&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?resize=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?resize=768%2C461&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?resize=500%2C300&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?resize=1200%2C720&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?resize=400%2C240&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?resize=800%2C480&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?resize=200%2C120&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?w=1020&amp;ssl=1 1020w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-1-1.png?w=1530&amp;ssl=1 1530w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Our gridded data is definitely covering the right\/same areas so we just need to make this more suitable for an article. We&#8217;ll use Harry&#8217;s palette and layer in U.S. state borders, an overall country border, and approximate the title and legend aesthetics:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-r\">#+ map-final\nc(\n  \"#023858\", \"#045a8d\", \"#0570b0\", \"#3690c0\", \"#74a9cf\",\n  \"#a6bddb\", \"#d0d1e6\", \"#ece7f2\", \"#fff7fb\", \"#ffffff\",\n  \"#ffffcc\", \"#ffeda0\", \"#fed976\", \"#feb24c\", \"#fd8d3c\",\n  \"#fc4e2a\", \"#e31a1c\", \"#bd0026\", \"#800026\"\n) -&gt; grad_cols # colors from article\n\nggplot() +\n\n  # tile layer\n\n  geom_tile(\n    data = tornado,\n    aes(lon, lat, fill = trend, color = trend)\n  ) +\n\n  # state borders\n\n  geom_map(\n    data = state_map, map = state_map,\n    aes(long, lat, map_id = region),\n    color = ft_cols$slate, size = 0.125, fill = NA\n  ) +\n\n  # usa border\n\n  borders(\"usa\", colour = \"black\", size = 0.5) +\n\n  # color scales\n\n  scale_colour_gradientn(\n    colours = grad_cols,\n    labels = c(\"Fewer\", rep(\"\", 4), \"More\"),\n    name = \"Change in tornado frequency, 1979-2017\"\n  ) +\n  scale_fill_gradientn(\n    colours = grad_cols,\n    labels = c(\"Fewer\", rep(\"\", 4), \"More\"),\n    name = \"Change in tornado frequency, 1979-2017\"\n  ) +\n\n  # make it Albers-ish and ensure we can fit the borders in \n\n  coord_map(\n    projection = \"polyconic\",\n    xlim = scales::expand_range(range(tornado$lon), add = 2),\n    ylim = scales::expand_range(range(tornado$lat), add = 2)\n  ) +\n\n  # tweak legend aesthetics\n\n  guides(\n    colour = guide_colourbar(\n      title.position = \"top\", title.hjust = 0.5\n    ),\n    fill = guide_colourbar(\n      title.position = \"top\", title.hjust = 0.5\n    )\n  ) +\n  labs(\n    x = NULL, y = NULL\n  ) +\n  theme_ipsum_rc(grid=\"\") +\n  theme(axis.text = element_blank()) +\n  theme(legend.position = \"top\") +\n  theme(legend.title = element_text(size = 16, hjust = 0.5)) +\n  theme(legend.key.width = unit(4, \"lines\")) +\n  theme(legend.key.height = unit(0.5, \"lines\"))\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"12207\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/rud.is\/b\/2019\/05\/18\/mapping-tornado-alley-with-r\/map-final-header\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?fit=1001%2C970&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1001,970\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"map-final-header\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?fit=300%2C291&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?fit=510%2C495&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?resize=510%2C494&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"510\" height=\"494\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?w=1001&amp;ssl=1 1001w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?resize=150%2C145&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?resize=300%2C291&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?resize=768%2C744&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?resize=530%2C514&amp;ssl=1 530w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?resize=500%2C485&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?resize=400%2C388&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?resize=800%2C775&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rud.is\/b\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/map-final-header.png?resize=200%2C194&amp;ssl=1 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>FIN<\/h3>\n<p>I went through some extra steps for folks new to R but the overall approach was at the very least equally as expedient as the Observable one and &#8212; despite the claims by the quite daft retweet &#8212; this is no less &#8220;shareable&#8221; or &#8220;reusable&#8221; than the Observable notebook. You can clone the repo (<a href=\"https:\/\/git.sr.ht\/~hrbrmstr\/tornado\">https:\/\/git.sr.ht\/~hrbrmstr\/tornado<\/a>) and reuse this work immediately.<\/p>\n<p>If you take a stab at an alternate approach &#8212; especially if you do use <code>{sf}<\/code> &#8212; definitely blog about it and drop a link here or on Twitter.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I caught a re-tweet of this tweet by @harry_stevens: THREAD: I wrote a post on @observablehq about a map I made today. It shows a typical day in the life of a graphics journalist: You never know what problems you&#39;ll have to solve on deadline! https:\/\/t.co\/yRhW1wbLxN #d3js #dataviz 1\/7 pic.twitter.com\/7N6mmK0nz3 &mdash; Harry Stevens (@Harry_Stevens) May [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12207,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"activitypub_content_warning":"","activitypub_content_visibility":"","activitypub_max_image_attachments":3,"activitypub_interaction_policy_quote":"anyone","activitypub_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[721,753,706,91],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12195","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cartography","category-ggplot","category-maps","category-r"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mapping Tornado Alley with R - rud.is<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rud.is\/b\/2019\/05\/18\/mapping-tornado-alley-with-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mapping Tornado Alley with R - rud.is\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"I caught a re-tweet of this tweet by @harry_stevens: THREAD: I wrote a post on @observablehq about a map I made today. 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